The Drivers of Social Media

Political Manipulation, Money and 'Ignorance'

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In August 2018, the 22-year old Ricardo and his 43-year old uncle Alberto Flores were beaten and burdened to death because people thought that they were child snatchers to sell their organs. This happened following the viral news and warnings about the issue on Tweeter, Facebook and WhatsApp. The news wasn’t true but the hysteria whipped up leading to the most brutal form of mob violence.

Possibly even more shocking than the impact of this fake news is the motivation for it. Often ideology plays a small part in a scam that is really all about money. In Mexico, a website can earn around USD 1,000 for every million page views. Creating a website isn’t difficult and most of the times a single group of administrators will have several on the go at once generating around USD 2-5 thousand a month. It doesn’t matter if the content is real or not. With over 2 billion users, Facebook becomes the most powerful distribution tools to share contents. The company is battling a lot of justifiably bad press around the world.

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One of the most effective and powerful tools for those who want to push an agenda online is the ‘bots’. Now bots are essentially pieces of software algorithms that run whatever tasks you set them. And a lot of the internet runs on them. However, they also become synonymous with fake social media accounts pushing political agendas or generating artificial likes, shares and followers. The days of these fully automated spam bots are mostly over. Their actions are simply too obvious making them too easy to detect by filters which meant they got purged and easy to spot by users which meant they got ignored. So now literally armies of people are paid to act like bots. They are also called ‘trolls’ or ‘decks’.

“We are talking about 20,000 or 30,000 people working to generate millions of accounts. All you have to do is to change your phone’s SIM card and with that you can create 100-200 Twitter accounts. They are offering you the decks and this is the number of accounts you can buy or rent. In one hour, you can build a trending topic with this quantity of accounts,” says Alberto Escorcia, a blogger turned activist in Mexico city.

Decks are the secret tools used by marketing agencies, publicity managers, political parties and governments to boost topics and people online or to divert and distract from unfavorable attention. The advantage of having these human bots is that they behave more human online so the chances of them being eliminated or dismissed are lower.

Harmoni@Harmoni-Critical Inquiries (HS-0005)

A study by Oxford Internet Institute shows that between 2017 and 2018 the number of countries where organized social media manipulation occurs increased from 28 to 48. The biggest drivers of online manipulation around the world are political parties. The realization many of them have had is that instead of trying to censor social media platforms, it is much more effective to simply flood them with bots, junk news and disinformation.

Samantha Bradshaw from Oxford Internet Institute pointed out that like advertisers, political parties now learn how to use these platforms to sway public opinion. “Instead of selling us … goods, they are selling us world leaders or political ideologies by using the advertising infrastructure and the algorithms to slowly start nudging perspectives and nudging opinions about politics. We are seeing a shift away from purely automated accounts to more human operators. We are finding actual real people for hire to work on political campaigns to work with more repressive governments to target people online with this kind of speech to ultimately suppress their participation in politics and in public discussions.”

Harmoni@Harmoni-Critical Inquiries (HS-0005) ...

Clicks have become the de facto currency of the online world as the algorithms behind Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and the others have rewarded big numbers: more followers, more comments, more shares and more views. The reward of growth is taking place within the context of the virtual lack of regulation in the online world.

The driver for clicks isn’t restricted to governments, political movements or marketing agencies. They are in it to shape perceptions. Many others are in it for the money. Engagement is the way how you can make money online which is the art and science of keeping people hooked. And algorithms are programmed to push content that gets high engagement.

"Algorithms don't necessarily determine the veracity of the content. They are often more concerned with the virality of it. ...

"So if more people are engaging with a certain topic, the algorithm might say that this might matter to you as well. … and this is where we see bad actors trying to manipulate the popularity metric and it is why we get disinformation stories spreading like wildfire because there are a bunch of fake accounts online engaging with fake breaking news story then that might get pushed into the news feeds of real users and then real people will start interacting and sharing these disinformation stories further and further,” Samantha explains.

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Luis De Uriarte, Strategic Manager for News at Facebook Mexico says the company is making substantial investment to help spot the misuse of its services. “What we have found is that a lot of this misuse is done through fake accounts. So we have focused very much on dealing with fake accounts on Facebook.” And Luis says the efforts are paying off with millions of fake accounts taken down and thousands of millions of spam posts cleaned off the site by artificial intelligence algorithms sweeping the platform.

Training algorithms recognize misinformation is incredibly complicated. No algorithm can easily determine what's true or false. After all there are cases where even humans do not agree. 

So in an effort to curb the spread of misinformation, the company has begun to collaborate with external fact-checkers. It has also launched a project called ‘Third-Party Verifier’ to collaborate with expert verifiers to help verify content on Facebook. "An item may be flagged in your News Feed if it has been disputed by an independent third-party fact-checker outside of Facebook.” And if they decide that the content is fake, they will inform us and we will make it very visible to people that it has been classified as fake by our verifiers,” asserts Luis.

Samantha still doubts the effectiveness of this strategy. “I don’t think a lot of the changes have really addressed the heart of the issue and real nuts and bolts of why disinformation goes viral in the first place. Going back to their business models and going back to the algorithms and the way that they still incentivize certain kinds of content to go viral opposed to others, there is real systemic challenge in the way that these platforms are governed and operated and there hasn’t been enough attention or rethinking about how these bigger structures are actually contributing to the problem.”

Harmoni@Harmoni-Critical Inquiries (HS-0005) ...

Digital deception is now a global game. So no matter how many purges of bots or tweeks to the algorithm that might happen, nothing is going to actually change until our clicks are seen more than just influence and revenue generators. 

“In an Internet environment where engagement and clicks and virality is what drives the spread of content, I don’t think it is fair to cut users off the hook in this problem because democracy is something that’s hard work. It is something that we as citizens have to work towards and invest time in to find accurate information. It’s not something that is easy," says Samantha.  

"The real power in the Internet is that it can bring us together and we have seen that time and time again. So going back to that more optimistic view of what the Internet can and could be for a democratic society and political participation, I think it is something we need to remind ourselves of and work towards as individuals,” advises Samantha.

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Source: Aljazeera: 'Click Me' - Trolls, Bots, Fake News: What's the cost of our clicks? |All Hail the Algorithm, (July 17, 2019)

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The 10 year old writer - Adora Svitak

Adora Svitak is a 10 year old writer and teacher who lives in Seattle, U.S.A. She started reading by the age of three and writing by four. She has written almost 300 short stories and published a book entitled Flying Fingers on writing tips and short stories at the age of seven. She can type 70 words per minute and she reads two or three books every day. "I read so many books my parents actually had to tell me to stop reading," Adora recalls.

She explains how she does all these, which, in her words, is the "combination of encouragement, love and technology" referring to her passion for writing, her computer and the support she receives from her parents.  "My parents were always encouraging me and giving me support and constructive criticism," she says.

She never has the feeling that she is missing out on her childhood as she started working at such an early age. She says, "This is more than work to me. This is quite enjoyable to me and this is play almost in some ways. I don't really look at it so much as work."

Adora is homeschooled and she is already three years ahead of her peers following an online curriculum.

Her father is a software engineer with a PhD in physics. Her older sister Adriana, 13, is a highly talented pianist.

Her mother who was brought up in China during the Cultural Revolution says she always told the baby sitters to couch her children in a way that is inducing to the learning process.
 "Learning is essentially the same as eating and drinking and you don't stop eating and drinking. So you never stop learning."

The mother is acting as her daughter's personal manager and she says she doesn't want to bring outside people into the family equation. She says she does not put pressure on her daughter in any way. "It is not that I influence her but a lot of the time she influences me," she said. Hence, she confirms that whatever her daughter does is not necessarily to meet her expectation as a mother.

Apart from her regular reading and writing routines, Adora also teaches writing for primary school kids several days a week. She has a tight schedule of her daily activities. She already gave more than 300 talks and presentations to schools all over the country.

From a TV studio in her family's basement, Adora broadcasts public lectures nearly every day to schools all over America and she is paid 300 dollars for each lecture.

At times, Adora also pitched a deal with the corporate world such as her latest deal with Microsoft, and she received payment upto 10 thousand dollars for her contributions.

Adora hopes she will be considered among the renowned writers of world such as J. K. Rowling.
"Whatever I become I hope that maybe kids someday would tell me they want to be the next Adora Svitak. That would be very cool."

Source: Barcroft TV: The World's Cleverest Child and Me
https://youtu.be/Z32NnlIpsz8

Autism – a Mark of the Genius?

Daniel Paul Tammet started to do huge calculations when he was only four years old. He said he would calculate numbers which result in nearly a hundred decimal places well beyond the capacity of some computers which could only go as far as 32 decimal places. When he is doing calculations he says he sees the numbers in terms of pictures, shapes and patterns. He seems to be doing mathematics without having to think at all.

Daniel took a bid to remember pie up to 22,500 decimal places and to recite it during a live transmission on TV with invigilators checking his recitation. Pie is a circumference of a circle divided by its diameter. It is a number with no pattern and goes on to infinite. Two hours later Daniel started the recitation, he was barely half way through and the whole recitation took him 5 hours and 9 minutes.

When Daniel was a small child he used to have a series of seizures. Probably these experiences changed his brain as he started to see images formed in his mind and intuitively perceive patterns between numbers.

Such people are known as savant. The notion has become popular following the movie called Rain Man in which Justin Hoffman was acting as a gifted misfit. Most savants lack social skills and the link with autism appears to be quite strong.

The Cambridge scientist Professor Simon Baron - Cohen said, "Autism is a spectrum of medical conditions where people have a lot of difficulty in forming social relationships and to put themselves in other people’s shoes, to imagine other people's emotions and feelings. It is also where the individual develop strong narrow interests, obsessions and like to do things in a repetitive way. So it is a mix of ability and disability"

However, Daniel seems to have only the ability and not any obvious disability.

His mother recalls Daniel's constant crying up until the age of two and he would only calm down when he was made swinging in a blanket, which marked the necessity of repetitive movements that are the classic sign of autism, according to Prof. Baron-Cohen.

He didn't integrate well with the other kids playing around when he was at school, confining himself to counting numbers or sometimes looking up the trees observing the shapes of the leaves. "Numbers are like the most real things for me," he said. As a child he was much more comfortable with the world of numbers than people.

By most measures Daniel was autistic as a child but also managed to pick up the social skills to blend in with others. May be he is lucky since such ability usually comes with severe mental handcap as part of the prize.

"The one criteria that was missing to warrant a diagnosis is that his symptoms are not interfering with his current life," said Prof. Baron–Cohen.

The shapes of numbers

For Daniel numbers have different shapes and colors, texture forms and landscapes. For example one is like bright flash light and number two is like a movement drifting from right to left. He could hardly have a definite shape that describes number 6 so he says it is like a blackhole. Number 9 can be quite intimidating for him.  In such a way he recognizes every number up to 10 thousand having a distinct shape and color.

This may be explained by the phenomenon of cross activation that may possibly occur between the neighboring areas of the brain that deals with numbers and the other with shapes and texture. Scientists call this phenomenon Synesthesia.

What Daniel can accomplish can be learned as is the case of the application of the ancient art of the abacus in Tokyo. At the age of 12 and after eight years of practice students can demonstrate jaw dropping results. Some students can calculate huge numbers using just imaginary abacus by merely manipulating thin air.

But Daniel says he is not doing this kind of conscious mental calculation at all. For him the answers come automatically in a form of mental imagery.

At the San Diego Center for Brain Studies in California, Professor V. S. Ramachandran and his team put Daniel's ability to the test. Professor Ramachandran tested Daniel to make his mental images and asked him to do the same the following day and found out that the shapes of each number have remarkable similarities even though they are not exactly the same.

But they are still to prove if Daniel actually has emotional response to certain numbers as he claims. Thus, they tested him using the number pie, which he says is so beautiful, by randomly inserting such number as 6 which Daniel doesn't like.

With the help of galvanized skin detector, they were able to see the sudden jolts in the readings of the machine reflecting his emotional response to the numbers. Daniel later described that something was wrong with the numbers as some of the shapes and patterns are missing from his mental landscape of the number pie.

Learning a new language in just seven days

Daniel already knows nine languages and he says he can learn a new one just in one week.

Hence, he was flown to Island for the ultimate challenge of learning a new language in just 7 days. The Islandic language even the locals say is confusing and unpronouncable.

As planned, Daniel completed his week-long studies of the language and went on a live interview which the interviewer later on witnessed with amusement that Daniel was able to speak the language intelligibly using good grammatical patterns of the language.

Such talent as Daniel has is extremely rare. "The line between profound talent and profound disability seems surprisingly thin one," says Daniel.

Den Bottino was not as lucky as his amazing ability in drawing since he was a toddler came with a severe mental disability as his language and social skills remain childlike. He enjoys drawing in the sand at a beach as the water comes and washes away his drawings which he quickly draws time and again.

Some other people seem to develop similar brain capacity after some serious injury happened to their head. After his baseball injury to his head when he was ten years old,  Orlando L. Serrell has started to recall the days of the week and the weather ever since his accident.

Dr. Darold Treffert who spent years studying the Rain Man phenomenon of unique mental capacity estimated that there are fewer than 50 such people in the world and Daniel's ability is indeed spectacular. He said, "The bigger question is whether we all have such ability within us. That is what I would refer to as the little Rain Man within us." And he added, "Savant syndrome is challenging us to think in new ways about intelligence and what intelligence is."

Source: https://youtu.be/PPySn3slfXI 

The Power of Human Brain - what is the limit?

Can you calculate the following numbers in your brain without the aid of calculators or adding machines?

37,691 × 37,691 = ?????

Did you succeed? If so, how long did it take you? Can you do it faster than you can do using a calculator?

Well, someone can just do that. He is Arthur Benjamin, who calls himself a 'mathemagician'. But is it really a magic, or one of the many possibilities the human brain is capable of attaining?

In his entertaining and fascinating TEDtalk speech, he demonstrated the jaw dropping capacity of his brain, or possibly that of the human beings, in what he says is the result of the fusion of his passions for mathes and magic.

He takes up two digit numbers he randomly receives from the audience and multiples them faster than the calculators the three individuals picked up from the audience use to compute the given numbers. He has actually shown to multiple two digit numbers faster than those three individuals could do using the short cut method to square a given number in their calculators. He had no difficulty doing the same even using three digit numbers.

In fact, he appeared to struggle a little bit when he was calculating the square of four digit numbers, but corrected his own mistake immediately. For me, this makes him more human and may validate the amazing power of his brain to be more of a human capability than some magical wonder beyond the realms of the potential of the average human beings.


Arthur makes his demonstration more entertain and even trickier when he takes up the challenge to multiply the three digit number with any four digit numbers. He would exactly tell the missing number when the three individuals do the multiplication using their calculators and tell him the resulting six or seven digit numbers in any order they like leaving out one of the digits for him to fill in. He made no mistakes in any of the three attempts. The chances of getting just all of these three attempts right by pure guessing is one in one thousand, he noted. He is also proud to point out that most of the calculators can not go beyond calculating five digit numbers which can only be done with some latest calculators.

In addition to computations, he proves the power of his amazing brain to tell the day of the week of their birth when some of the people in the audience tell him the year, month and the date they were born. He has even shown his capability to name the day of the week between 1600 years in the past and 3000 years into the future as much as the modern day app can help us confirm. Hence, it was not very difficult for him to tell that 13 June 2730 will fall on Friday.

Towards the end of his demonstration, Aurther explained how he does his wonders of computation by actually thinking loud as he multiples the square of five digit numbers resulting in ten digit numbers. He said he uses certain words as mnemonic devices to temporarily store the numbers he is multiplying to be able to retrieve them later and complete his computation. He actually declares that there is definately a method to his amazing power of calculation, which probably shows that his capability in computation is a learn behaviour than something which magically happens to him. This probably confirms that other human beings can also possibily learn his techniques and do all the wonders he has been able to demonstrate.

In his final demonstration, Arther admits that there may be 50% chance for him to make a mistake but doesn't want to be told his mistakes before he himself has the chance to correct them. But actually he did no mistake, and he finished his fascinating and entertaining demonstration with a big finish leaving the audience applauding to him in awe, and probably with something like this lingering in their mind, "Well, I can not definitely do the same."

But can't you?

What we remember and why we forget?

The woman who is poor at forgetting

Jill Price, a 40 years old school administrator, never forgets everything that happened in her life for more than three decades in the past. She still feels bad about things that happened 30 years ago and it is not just one or two things but a lot of them that happened on many different days in the past.

This, she says, makes her life emotionally difficult at times. She suffered depression over the years as she recalls and regrets the fact that if something had not happened first something else would not have happened later in her life. She consulted doctors, psychologists and therapists and nobody could help her.

Dr. James Almendorf, a distinguished professor of neurobiology at the University of California, studies how strong memories are made. He closely examined Jill Price's case for several years.

Jill still remembers the date when she first met Dr. Almendorf on June 5, 2000 which was Monday and when he called her on June 12 and set an appointment to meet on June 24. For 37 years Dr. Almendorf’s assistant has kept records of his daily activities which confirmed the accuracy of Jill's recollections.

In his first encounter with her, he asked her among other things when the Iranian hostage crisis situation started and she answered confidently. At first he thought she was wrong and later he found out she was indeed right.

A similar situation also happened on another occasion when the journalist Diane Sawyer asked her in an interview the date on which Princes Grace died. Jill assuredly answered that it was September 14, 1982. And she still remembers that it was Tuesday, her first day in grade 12. Diane checked the records and found that her answer was wrong. The record showed that it was on September 10 of the same year. Upon Jill's insistence, the producers looked for the information in online sources and announced that the book was actually wrong and of course Jill got it right.

Jill is hundred percent certain about her recollections because she just is as she declares it. But she doesn’t know or say how she has been able to recall with such degree of accuracy.

When she was asked how she could know whether it was a Monday or some other day her answer is "because I just do".

Dr. Almendorf said, "We know almost nothing about the causes of forgetting. That is a big blackhole in scientific research. We know an awful lot about the conditions which create memories. We know very little about what happens when people forget."

He described Jill's situation as she is poor at forgetting.

Jill said, "When somebody in the science world took me seriously, I am thrilled with that and you have no idea."

And the reason is how another scientist called Gary Marcus, professor of psychology from New York University, explained Jill's case in an article in Wired magazine as obsession with recalling past events, which actually upset her a great deal.

Professor Marcus thought her memory is not fundamentally different from any other person. The only difference appears to him that she obsessively recalls the facts of her life and reflects about them.

According to him, what drive Jill to have such a good memory are not so much the memory circuits of her brain but the drive that pushes her to remember something. He compares her “unconscious compulsion about memory” with drug addiction referring to the 50 thousand pages diaries she wrote.

For Jill, this is just crap. She merely wrote her diaries to deal with her insatiable memory of past events, and not because she wants to keep the memories alive. She said she never read them once she wrote the diaries. Therefore, she was greatly offended by Professor Marcus’ explanation. She is worried that people who read the article may think of her case as simplistic OCD of the brain.

She responds, "I am not just a brain. I have a heart and I have soul. There are a lot of complexities that go along with it." To make her situation so simplistic like that was what really offended Jill the most.

Dr Almendorf disagreed with Marcus' explanation and asked how much of these subtle rehearsing one has to do in order to have a strong memory of something that happened 20 years ago, which is still so strong and readily and quickly available.

"She does not have perfect memory,” Dr. Almendorf said. “She doesn't remember everything. But what she remembers, she does not forget."

After Jill was presented on the worlwide television, ten other people with the same ability appeared. One of them is the 20 year old British named Aurelien Hayman who claimed to have such power of memory since he was just four years old.

To find out more, follow the link below:

Source: The boy who can't forget (Medical documentary) - Real Stories
https://youtu.be/9Bnu0UrgxBg 

The Power of Human Brain - where is the limit?

Can you calculate the following numbers in your brain without the aid of calculators?

37,691 × 37,691 = ?????

Did you succeed? If so, how long did it take you? Can you do it faster than you can do using a calculator?

Well, someone can just do that. He is Arthur Benjamin, who calls himself a 'mathemagician'. But is it really a magic, or one of the many possibilities the human brain is capable of attaining?

In his entertaining and fascinating TEDtalk speech, he demonstrated the jaw dropping capacity of his brain, or possibly that of the human beings in general, in what he says is the result of the fusion of his passions for mathes and magic.

He takes up two digit numbers he randomly receives from the audience and multiples them faster than the calculators the three individuals picked up from the audience use to compute the given numbers. He has actually shown to multiple two digit numbers faster than those three individuals could do using the short cut method to square a given number in their calculators. He had no difficulty doing the same even using three digit numbers.

In fact, he appeared to struggle a little bit when he was calculating the square of four digit numbers, but corrected his own mistake immediately. For me, this makes him more human and may validate the amazing power of his brain to be more of a human capability than some magical wonder beyond the realms of the potential of the average human beings.


Arthur makes his demonstration more entertain and even trickier when he takes up the challenge to multiply the three digit number with any four digit numbers. He would exactly tell the missing number when the three individuals do the multiplication using their calculators and tell him the resulting six or seven digit numbers in any order they like leaving out one of the digits for him to fill in. He made no mistakes in any of the three attempts. The chances of getting just all of these three attempts right by pure guessing is one in one thousand, he noted. He is also proud to point out that most of the calculators can not go beyond calculating five digit numbers which can only be done with some latest versions of this digital gadget.

In addition to computations, he proves the power of his amazing brain to tell the day of the week of their birth when some of the people in the audience tell him the year, month and the date they were born. He has even ventured to show his capability to name the day of the week between 1600 years in the past and 3000 years into the future as much as the modern day app can help us confirm. Hence, it was not very difficult for him to tell that 13 June 2730 will fall on Friday.

Towards the end of his demonstration, Arther explained how he does his wonders of computation by actually thinking loud as he multiples the square of five digit numbers resulting in ten digit numbers. He said he uses certain words as mnemonic devices to temporarily store the numbers he is multiplying to be able to easily retrieve them later and complete his computation. He actually declares that there is definetely a method to his amazing power of calculation, which probably shows that his capability in computation is a learned behaviour than something which magically happens to him. This probably confirms that other human beings can also possibily learn his techniques and do all the wonders he has been able to demonstrate.

In his final demonstration, Arther admits that there may be about 50% chance for him to make a mistake but doesn't want to be told his mistakes before he himself has the chance to correct them. But actually he did no mistake, and he finished his fascinating and entertaining demonstration with a big finish leaving the audience applauding to him in awe, and probably with something like this lingering in their mind, "Well, I can not definitely do the same."

But can't you?

Past life - Is is a possibility?

Take a mug full of water and an empty glass, and pour the water into the glass. You should still have more water remaining in the mug. After a while pour the water in the the glass back into the mug, and put the empyt glass on a table. Once again fill the glass with water from the same mug. So what do you think? Do you still have exactly the same water in the glass as was in the first case? Or do you have a different content of water from the first glass?

It is likely that you may actually have part of the same content of water in the first glass mixed with some portion of the water remaining in the mug. If so how much of the water was actually the same water as in the first glass of water as in the second one?

While you are contemplating about these questions, let us discuss something different that will eventually relate to the questions above.

We may agree that nothing completely vanish into none existence. Even when we die our body would disintegrate and change its form into someother things like some of the elements in the soil. But one thing we don't know where it would go - the human soul or the spiritual energy or consciousness that helps us to move and operate our body. If you accept the possibility that there is somekind of universal soul or energy (or whatever else you may want to call it), the consciousness we use to possess as individuals when we are still alive on earth should perhaps go back and merge into the universal consciousness it has originally come from like the water filled in the glass in the first glass poured back into the mug.

Now, when a new human being is born with a living soul - its consciousness pouring down into his being from the universal source, how different is the soul of the new born baby than the souls of the deceased that already disolve into the universal consciousness?

Yes, here I am talking about the possibility of reincarnation, and this is the way I think reincarnation may be a possible natural phenomenon. Some of the stories I am going to discuss next may also be random evidences for the possibility of reincarnation, if they are actually true.

One

A three years old boy who was born with a red birth mark on his head in a place along the border between Syria and Israel made remarkable claims saying he was killed by someone in his past life. As the boy was part of the community who believe in reincarnation he was taken to the other village the boy claimed to have lived in his past life. He also indicated the grave where his former body was buried and identified the man who killed his former being. The village people indeed confirmed that there was such a man who disappeared four years ago. The body was found in the grave along with the ax that was supposedly used to commit the crime.

This story perhaps may lack credibility as it was told by memebers of the community who already accepted and believed in reincarnation. As it may usually happen in the case of different religious groups who appear to make up stories that would help prove their belief system, this story may simply be regarded as one of such attempts, unless we have independent witnesses who could verify the details of this claim.

Two

The five years old boy from Cincinnati started making a curious remarks such as "When I used to be a girl, I used to have a black hair," since he was two years old. According to his mother, he repeatedly use the name Pam in many instances. When the mother asked him who Pam was, the boy replied, "I used to be Pam before I died." When the mother asked him further if he could remember how he died, the boy replied it was due to a fire accident. He even recalled the name of the city, and it was Chicago.

When the mother searched on the internet, she found out that there was indeed a fire accident at a residential area at the Paxton Hotel. In the accident, 19 people died including a black woman called Pamela Robinson who died jumping out of a window.

When the boy was presented with pictures of different people to identify Pamela, he made no mistake in pointing out Pamela. Not to have doubt about the authencity of this case as it might have been an elaborated lie told by the family members, the boy identified the picture of Pamela while he was video recorded for the documentary film, Ghost inside my Child, by the Lifetime Movie Network (LMN).

Three

Another kid called James who exhibited extreme fascination with planes at his early age started to have nightmare which he was not able to explain in words but described the contents of his nightmare in drawings. He drew flying planes dropping bombs, and he talked about a plane crash and a little man who could not get out of the plane. When he was asked who that little man was, he replied, "It was me." He even said that it was the Japanese who shot his plane down. He also remebered the kind of aircraft he used to flew and told the name of the war ship, Natoma, his plane used to take off.

Later it was found out about James Huston who fought in the WWII against the Japanese, and who disappeared on 3 March 1945 when his plane was shot down. Another fellow soldier who survived the war and was still alive to confirm the claims made by the boy, witnessed that the names the boy referred to were actually his compatriots who lost their lives in the war. When the boy met the veteran solider in person, he identified the names of the soldier he saw in the pictures. He also met the late James Hustons's older sister and made a reference to the other older sister. The boy recieved some of the items the late James Huston left behind, but eventually his memory of the deceased soldier gradually faded away. However, his passion for aircraft grew even stronger.

This is quite an elaborate tale of reincarnation which seems so difficult to refute. It would perhaps call our attention to the strange utterances and behaviors children may exhibit at their early ages as important clues to expand our understanding to the possibility of reincarnation. Here are some of the things different children were noted to have said at their early ages.

A child told his mother that he liked his new dad when he actually had one dad his mom was married to. But when the mother asked him what he meant by that, the boy said his former father was really bad who stabbed him dead in the back.

A boy around the age of five or six reportedly asked his parents, "Before I was born here, I had a sister, right?" And then he added that he died when their car caught fire but his sister and his other mother were saved from the fire.

Another boy while on the ride with his family pointed to a house by the side of a street and said, "I died there." A father said once his three years old boy said to him, "You remember when I was a grown up and you used to be a little kid?"

If we happen to hear any of these sorts of remarks from children around us, we don't probably even give it a second thought. But perhaps they might be important clues that may lead us to greater understanding of the possibility of reincarnation.